Blood Levels of Some Toxic Metals and Their Potential Health Impact in Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Infected Subjects.

Authors

  • Mbonu I Author
  • Abiodun EM Author

Keywords:

Human immunodeficiency virus infection, toxic metals, oxidative stress

Abstract

Background: The introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the management of immunodeficiency virus infection has reduced the mortality rate and increased the average life-expectancy of infected subjects. The prevalence of non-infectious chronic diseases and malignancies are also on the rise. Environmental pollutants could adversely impact on the prognostic outcomes of HIV-1 infection probably due to the combination of the effects of environmental exposures and chronic inflammation and the role of toxic metals exposure and their health impact in infected individuals have been under-reported.

Objective: To evaluate the levels of cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and nickel (Ni) in HIV-1 infected subjects on highly active anti-retroviral therapy(HAART), HAART-naïve and discusses their potential health impacts.

Materials and methods: The study participants were 300 made up of 100 confirmed HIV-1 positive on HAART, 100 HIV-1 positive HAART-naïve and 100 HIV-1 negative controls. Measured toxic metal levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (Agilent 7500, Norwalk, U.S.A)

Results: Data indicated significantly higher (p<0.001) measured toxic metals in HIV positive subjects than controls, with levels in subjects on HAART higher than HAART-naive.

Conclusion: High toxic metal levels may lead to increased oxidative stress and adverse prognostic outcomes. Periodic evaluation of toxic metals in HIV-1 infected subjects is suggested and preventive strategies of environmental pollutants should be adopted.

Author Biography

  • Mbonu I

    Department of Medical Laboratory Science,

    School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City.

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. IV surveillance—United States, 1981-2008. Morbid Mortal Weekly Report. 2011;60: 689-693.

Losina E, Freedberg KA (2011) Life expectancy in HIV. BMJ 343: doi:10.1136/bmj.d6015.

Harrison KM, Song R, Zhang X. Life expectancy after HIV diagnosis based on national HIV surveillance data from 25 states,United States. J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr 2010;53:124-130.

Smith C, Sabin CA,Lundgren JD, Thiebaut R. DataCollectiononAdverseEventsof Anti HIVdSG. Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV- positive individuals in the D:A:D Study. AIDS, 2010; 24: 1537-1548.

Deeks SG, Phillips AN. HIV infection, antiretroviral treatment, ageing and non- AIDS related morbidity. BMJ 2009;338: a3172.

Sackoff JE, Hanna DB, Pfeiffer MR, Torian LV. Causes of death among persons with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: New York City. Ann Intern Med 2006;145: 397-406.

Phillips AN, Neaton J, Lundgren JD. The role of HIV in serious diseases other than AIDS. AIDS 2008;22: 2409-2418.

Akinola FF, Akinjinmi AA, Oguntibeju OO. Effect of combined Anti-retroviral Therapy on selected trace elements and CD4+ T-cells count in HIV positive persons in an African setting. AIDS Clinic Res 2012;3:10

Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Howard BV, Umans JG, Francesconi KA, Goessler W et al. Cadmium exposure and incident of cardiovascular disease. Epidemiology 2013;24: 421-429.

Moon SS. Association of lead, mercury

and cadmium with diabetes in the Korean population: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009-2010. Diabet Med 2013;30(4):e143-138.

Rhee SY, Hwang YC, Woo JT, Sinn DH, Chin SO, Chon S et al. Blood lead is significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: an analysis based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2008. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013;12: 9. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-9.

World Health Organization (WHO). Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Adults and Adolescents. Recommendations for a Public Health Approach.2010 p. 108.

Hu H . Human Health and Heavy Metal Exposure. In: Life Support: Environ Human Health.2002;4:1–10.

Ivanov AV, Valnev-Elliston VT, Ivanova ON, Kochetkov SN, Starodubova ES, Bartosch B. Oxidative stress during HIV infection: mechanism and consequences. Oxidative Med Cell Longevit 2016;89:1-18.

Sackoff JE, Hanna DB, Pfeiffer MR, Torian LV. Causes of death among persons with AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: New York City. Ann Int Med 2006;145: 397-406.

Barbaro G, Klatt EC. Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cardiovascular complications in HIV-infected patients. Curr Pharm Des 2003;9: 1475-1481.

Xu X, Hu H, Dailey AB, Kearney G, Talbott EO,Cook RL. Potential Health Impacts of Heavy Metals on HIV-Infected Population inUSA.PLoSONE 2013;8(9):e74288.

Fong BMW, Siu TS, Lee JSK,Tam S. Determination of Mercury in Whole Blood and Urine by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. J Analytic Toxicol 2007; 31: 281-287.

Chashchin VP, Frolova NM, Sologub TV,

Esadulenko EV. Influence of environmental and industrial immunotoxic hazards on clinical course of HIV-infection. Med Tr Prom Ekol 2010: 1-6.

Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ, Baig JA et al. Evaluation of arsenic,cadmium, lead, nickel, and zinc in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of tuberculosis and diarrhea male human imunodeficiency virus patients. Clin Lab 2011;57: 867-878.

Miro JM, Cofan F, Trullas JC, Manzardo C, Cervera C, Tuset M et al. Renal dysfunction in the setting of HIV/AIDS. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2012; 9:187-199.

Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Pol S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and HIV infection. Semin Liver Dis 2012; 32: 158- 166.

Jones M, Núñez M. Liver toxicity of antiretroviral drugs. Semin Liver Dis 2012; 32: 167-176.

Alissa EM, Ferns GA. Heavy metal poisoning and cardiovascular disease. J Toxicol 2011;2011:870125. doi: 10.1155/ 2011/870125.

Kim DS, Lee EH, Yu SD, Cha JH, Ahn SC. Heavy metal as risk factor of cardiovascular disease--an analysis of blood lead and urinary mercury. J Prev Med Public Health 2005;38: 401-407.

Chaisemartin RA, Chaisemartin C. Compared effects of heavy metal ions (Cr+IV and Pb2+)on the respiratory intensity of 2 Crustacea Decapoda Brachyoura: Macropodia rostrata and Pachygrapsus marmoratus. CR Seances Soc BiolFil1976;170:886-891.

Tellez-Plaza M, Navas-Acien A, Menke A, Crainiceanu CM, Pastor-Barriuso R.

Cadmium exposure and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the U.S. general population. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120: 1017-1022.

Lee MS, Park SK, Hu H, Lee S. Cadmium exposure and cardiovascular disease in the 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Res 2011;111: 171-176.

Messner B, Bernhard D. Cadmium and cardiovascular diseases: cell biology, pathophysiology, and epidemiological relevance. Biometals 2010;23: 811- 822.

Ozturk IM, Buyukakilli B, Balli E, Cimen B, Gunes S, Erdogan S et al. Determination of acute and chronic effects of cadmium on the cardiovascular system of rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009;19: 308-317.

Stepanova NV.Immunity status of children under the conditions of heavy metal- polluted city. Gig Sanit: 2003; 42-44.

Pölkki M, Kangassalo K, Rantala MJ. Transgenerational effects of heavy metal pollution on immune defense of the blow fly Protophormia terraenovae. PLOS ONE 2012; 7: e38832.

Vigneshkumar B, Pandian SK, Balamurugan K, Catalase activity and innate immune response of Caenorhabditis elegans against the heavy metal toxin lead. Environ Toxicol 2011; 28: 313–21.

van Ooik T, Pausio S, Rantala MJ. Direct effects of heavy metal pollution on the immune function of a geometrid moth, Epirrita autumnata. Chemosphere 2008;71: 1840-1844.

Sorvari J, Rantala LM, Rantala MJ, Hakkarainen H, Eeva T.Heavy metal pollution disturbs immune response in wild ant populations. Environ Pollut 2007;145: 324-328.

Bouman A, Schipper M, Heineman MJ, Faas MM. Gender difference in the non-specific and specific immune response in humans. Am J Reprod Immununol. 2004; 52: 19–26.

Deitch EA, Ananthakrishnan P, Cohen

DB, Xu DZ, Feketeova E, Hanser CJ. Neutrophil activation is modulated by sex hormones after trauma-hemorrhagic shock and burn injuries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2006, 291, H1456–H1465.

Emokpae MA, Mrakpor BA. Do sex differences in Respiratory Burst Enzyme activities exist in Human Immuno- deficiency virus-1 infection? Med Sci 2016;4:19 doi.10.3390.

Angele MK, Schwacha MG, Ayala A, Chaudry IH. Effect of gender and sex hormones on immune responses following shock. Shock 2000, 14, 81–90.

Diodata MD, Knoferl MW, Schwacha MG, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Gender differences in the inflammatory response andsurvivalfollowing haemorrhageand subsequent sepsis. Cytokine 2001; 14:162–169.

Liochev SI, Hausladen A, Fridovich I. Nitroreductase A is regulated as a member of the soxRS regulon of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci (Bichem) 1999;96:3537-3539.

Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. 1995. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radic. Biol Med 1995; 18: 321-336.

Quig D. Cysteine metabolism and metal toxicity. Altern Med Rev. 1998 ;3(4):262-270.

Marth E, Jelovcan S, Kleinhappl B, Gutschi A,BarthS.Theeffectofheavy metalson the immune system at low concentrations. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2001;14: 375-386.

Bal W, Kasprzak KS. Induction of oxidative DNA damage by carcinogenic metals. Toxicol Lett 2002;127(1-3):55-62.

Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MTD. Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress. Curr Med Chem 2005; 12:1161–1208.

Anetor JI, Iyanda AA, Akinseye I, Anetor GO. Strengthening Analytical Capability in Micronutrients: A Prophylactic Approach to DNA Repair Defects, Genome Instability and Carcinogenesis in Developing Countries. Ann Biologic Tech 2013;17: 560–561.

Downloads

Published

09/01/2019

How to Cite

1.
Blood Levels of Some Toxic Metals and Their Potential Health Impact in Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Infected Subjects. AJTMBR [Internet]. 2019 Sep. 1 [cited 2024 Oct. 5];4(2):26-33. Available from: https://www.ajtmbr.org.ng/index.php/home/article/view/39

Similar Articles

1-10 of 16

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.