Blood Glucose and Hepato-Renal Alterations Following Administration of Gongronemalatifolium and Allium sativum in Diabetic Wistar Rats
Gongronemalatifoliumand Allium sativummodulates diabetic hepatorenal alterations
Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus, Gongronema latifolium, Allium sativum, hypoglycaemiaAbstract
Background: Gongronema latifolium (GL) and Allium sativum (AS) are reported to possess anti-diabetic properties, and preference to its single or concomitant use varies widely.
Objective: The effect of concomitant use of (GL) leaves and (AS) bulb extracts, on the hepato-renal indices of Streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemic rats was studied.
Materials and methods: Diabetes mellitus was induced by single intraperitoneal dose of (STZ) at 65 mg per kg body weight (bwt) of rats. Thirty female Wistar rats (160 –180 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each. Groups I and II received 10 mL distilled water per kg bwt and served as normal and diabetic controls [NC and DC] respectively. Group III received Metformin 150 mg per kg bwt of rat, while groups IV, V and VI received 400 mg of AS, GL, and AS + GL extracts per kg body weight respectively. Biochemical analyses were performed after the experimental period of 14 days.
Results: Body weight significantly (p < 0.05) increased in animals treated with the extracts compared to DC. Blood glucose levels, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentrations significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the treatment groups, compared to DC. The concentrations of total protein, albumin, sodium, potassium and chloride were significantly increased while urea and creatinine concentrations were significantly decreased when compared to DC.
Conclusion: Extracts of AS and GL singly and in concomitantly use exhibited antihyperglycemic and hepato-renal protective properties, however combined doses outperformed single administration.
References
World Health Organization. Classification of diabetes mellitus.(2019);1 - 36. file:///C:/Users/pepper/Downloads/9789241515702-eng.pdf.
American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of medical care in diabetes.Diabetes Care. (2020); 43(1): 1 - 150. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/diacare/suppl/2019/12/20/43.Supplement_1.DC1/DC_43_S1_2020.pdf
World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes.(2016);1 - 86. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204871.
Temidayo OS, Stefan PS. Diabetes mellitus and male infertility. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction.(2018);7(1): 6 - 14. Doi:10.4103/2305-0500.220978.
Hossain MM, Islam M, Islam MS. Comparative study of antihyperglycemic and antihypercholesteromic effect of aquous extract of Allium sativum(Garlic) and Zingiberofficinale(Ginger) in alloxan induced rats. International Journal of AnimalResources. (2016);1(1): 11 - 18.http://www.sau.edu.bd/public/images/upload_images/Paper2_j_dvm.pdf.
Sonia S, Vidhya A, Venkat KS, Jasmine J. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of Allium sativum extract and Gomutra. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. (2018); 7(4): 877 - 899. DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20184-11023.
Pieme CA, Pendlap VN, Nkegoum B, Taziebou CL, Tekwu, EM, Etoa FX,Ngonggang J. Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicities of aqueous ethanolic extract of leaves of Sennaalata (L) RoxbCeasalpiniaceae. African Journal of Biotechnology.(2006); 5(3): 283 - 289. Doi: 10.5897/ajb05.197.
Tiwari AKRao IM. Diabetes mellitus and multiple therapeutic approaches of phytochemicals: present status and future prospects. Current Science.(2002);83 (1): 30 - 37. doi: 10.12691/ajps-3-3-2.
Usoh IF, Akpanyung EO. Leaves extracts of Gongronemalatifolium and Ocimumgratissimum offer synergy on organ weights alleviation and pancreatic resurgence against streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of innovations in pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences.(2015);2(4): 522 - 536.Http://www.jipbs.com/volumearticles/fulltextpdf/132_JIPBSV2I415.pdf.
Hossain MM, Islam M, Islam MS. Comparative study of antihyperglycemic and antihypercholesteromic effect of aquous extract of Allium sativum(Garlic) and Zingiberofficinale(Ginger) in alloxan induced rats. International Journal of Animal Resources.(2016);1(1): 11 18.http://www.sau.edu.bd/public/images/upload_images/Paper2_j_dvm.pdf.
Ezekwe CI, Nwodo OFC,Ezea SC. Chemical and phytochemical components of Gongronemalatifolium. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. (2014); 5(2): 857 - 866. DOI: 10.5455/jppa.1969123104000.
Ojo RJ, Seriki S, Wang DE, Mhya HJ. Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic rats. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. (2015);10(1): 18 - 22. DOI: 10.9790/3008-10141822.
Trease GE, Evans WC.Textbook of Pharmacognosy, 14th edition. NB Saunders Company Limited, United Kingdom, (2001); 612p.
Lorke D.A new approach to practical acute toxicity.Archive of Toxicology.(1983); 53: 275 - 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01234480.
Baker CJ. (1998). Baker and Silvertions introduction to medical laboratory technology, 7th edition.Butter worth Heinmann, oxford, 448p.
Akinmoladun AC, Ibukun EO, Afor E, Obuotor E, Farombi EO. Phytochemical constituent and antioxidant activity of extract from the leaves of Ocimumgratissimum.Scientific Research and Essay.(2007); 2: 163 - 166. https://academicjournals.org/article/article1380191019_Akinmoladun%20%20et%20al.pdf.
Eleazu CO, Okafor PN, Amajor J, Awa E, Ikpeama AI,Eleazu KC. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, functional properties and inhibitory action of unripe plantain flour. African Journal of Biotechnology. (2011);10(74): 16948 - 16952.DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1180.
Okwu DE. Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous species of South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Sustain Agriculture and Environment.(2004); 6: 30 - 34. DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2011.24057.
Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: An overview. Journal of Nutritional Science. (2016);5(47): 1 - 15. doi:10.1017/jns.2016.41.
Grover JK, Yadav S, Vats V. Medicinal plants of India with antidiabetic potential. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.(2002);81: 1 - 10. doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00059-4.
Prohp TP,Onoagbe IO. Acute toxicity and dose response studies of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Triplochtonscleroxylon K. Schum (Sterculiaceae).International Journal of Applied Biology Pharmaceutical Technology. (2012); 3(1): 400 - 409. http://www.ijabpt.com/pdf/95058-Prohp[2].pdf.
Malik ZA, Siddiqui S. Hypotensive effect of freeze dried garlic (Allium sativum) sap in dog. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association.(1981); 31: 12 - 13.https://jpma.org.pk/article-details/6587?article_id=6587.
Lawal B, Shittu OK, Oibiokpa FI, Mohammed H, Umar SI, Haruna GM. Antimicrobial evaluation, acute and sub-acute toxicity studies of Allium sativum. Journal of Acute Disease. (2016); 5(4): 296 - 301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2016.05.002.
Obi HI, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL,Okonta JM. An evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicities of a Nigerian polyherbalantidiabetic remedy.International Journal of pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. (2012);3(9): 3131 - 3135. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(9).3131-35.
Goud B, Dwarakanath V,Chikka S. Streptozotocin - A Diabetogenic Agent in Animal Models. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Research. (2015); 3(1) 253 - 269. http://ijppr.humanjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/18.Busineni-Jayasimha-Goud-Dwarakanath.V-B.K.Chikka-swamy.pdf.
Akpan, HD, Usoh IF. Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of diets containing combined leaves of Vernoniaamygdalinaand Gongronemalatifoliumleaves in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Journal of Science. (2015);5(9): 828 - 837.
Adeyi AO, Idowu AB, Mafiana CF, Oluwalana SA, Ajayi, OL. Effects of aqueous leave extract of Ficusexasperataon pathophysiology and histopathogy of alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research.(2012); 6(46): 5730 - 5736. doi: 10.5897/jmpr10.163.
Subramaniam R, Manisenthilkumar KT,Aiyalu RK. Investigation of hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminaliapaniculatabark in diabetic rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. (2012); 2(4): 262 - 268.doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60020-3.
Ojewole JAO.Hypoglycemic effect of Sclerocaryabirrea stem-bark aqueous extracts in rats. Phytomedicine. (2003); 10(8): 675 - 681.DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00295.
Asuquo OR, Igiri AO, Akpan JE, Akpaso MI. Cardioprotective potential of Vernoniaamygdalinaand Ocimumgratissimumagainst streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetes in wistar rats. Internet Journal of Tropical Medicine. (2010); 7(1): 1 - 7.https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/5338.
Okokon JE, Umoh UF, Ekpo BAJ, Etim EI. Antidiabetic study of combined extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina, Ocimumgratissimum, and Gongronemalatifolium on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of National Pharmaceuticals. (2013); 4(1): 28 - 31. DOI:10.4103/2229-5119.110345.
Edoardo GG, Roberto T, Vincenzo S. Liver enzymes alteration: a guide for clinicians. Canadian Medical Association Journal. (2005); 172(3): 367 - 379.doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1040752.
Gowda S, Desai P, Hull V, Math A, Vernekar S,Kulkarni S. A review on laboratory liver function tests. PanAfrican Medical Journal. (2009); 1 - 22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51088926.
Ogbonnia S, Adekunle AA, Bosa MK, Enwuru NV. Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of AlsoniacongensisEngler (Apocynaceae) bark and Xylopiaaethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich (Annonaceae) fruits mixtures used in the treatment of diabetes.African Journal of Biotechnology.(2008);7(6): 701 705.
Nwanjo HU. Studies on the effect of aqueous extract of Phyllanthusniruri on plasma glucose level and some hepatospecific markers in diabetic Wistar rats. International Journal of Laboratory Medicine. (2007); 2 (2): 1 - 18. https://print.ispub.com/api/0/ispub-article/3286.
Jasmine R, Daisy P. Hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective activity of Eugenia jumbolana in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. International Journal Biology Chemistry (2007); 1: 117 - 121.Doi: 10.3923/ijbc.2007.117.121.
Udosen EO, Egbung GE, Onofiok UL, Robert AE, Ekam VS, Iwara AI,Odey MO. Effect of ethanolic root and twig extracts of gongronemalatifolium (Utazi) on Kidney fuction of streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic and normal wistar rats. Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences.(2012);3 (5): 291 - 296. https://www.interesjournals.org/articles/effect-of-ethanolic-root-and-twig-extracts-of-gongronema-latifolium-utazi-on-kidney-function-of-streptozotocin-induced-h.pdf.
Tierney LM, McPhee SI. Papadakis MA. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill, New York,(2002); 1203p.
Castaneda C. Muscle wasting and protein metabolism. Journal of Animal Science. (2002); 80(2): 98 - 105. DOI: 10.2527/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_2E98x.
Nnodim J, Emejulu A, Ihim A,Udujih HI. Influence of Gongronemalatifolium on some biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetes. International Journal of Analytical, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences (2012); 1(1): 13 - 17. DOI: https://www.academia.edu/9107491/Antidiabetic_and_hypolipidaemic_effect_of_botanicals_a_review_of_medicinal_weeds_on_KNUST_campus_Kumasi.
Ezekwesili CN, Obidoa O. Nwodo OFC. Effects of ethanol extract of Acalyphatorta leaves on the lipid profile and serum electrolytes of rabbits. Niger Journal of Biochemistry and Moleculer Biology.(2008); 23: 15 - 19.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315140811
Usoh IF, Akpan HD, Akpanyung EO. Nephroprotection against streptozotocin diabetes is more effective in combined than single leaves extracts of Gongronemalatifolium and Ocimumgratissimum. Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Sciences. (2016); 3(1): 1 16.http://jipbs.com/VolumeArticles/FullTextPDF/151_JIPBSV3I101.pdf.
Ebong PE, Igile GO, Mgbeje BIA, Iwara IA, Odongo AE, Onofiok UL. Oso EA. Hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects of methanolic leaf extract of Heinsiacrinata (Rubiaceae) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino wistar rats. International Organization of Scientific Research Journal of Pharmacy. (2014); 4 (1): 37 - 43.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 African Journal of Tropical Medicine and Biomedical Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The data collected from registered and non-registered users of this journal falls within the scope of the standard functioning of peer-reviewed journals. It includes information that makes communication possible for the editorial process; it is used to informs readers about the authorship and editing of content; it enables collecting aggregated data on readership behaviors, as well as tracking geopolitical and social elements of scholarly communication.
This journal’s editorial team uses this data to guide its work in publishing and improving this journal. Data that will assist in developing this publishing platform may be shared with its developer Public Knowledge Project in an anonymized and aggregated form, with appropriate exceptions such as article metrics. The data will not be sold by this journal or PKP nor will it be used for purposes other than those stated here. The authors published in this journal are responsible for the human subject data that figures in the research reported here.
Those involved in editing this journal seek to be compliant with industry standards for data privacy, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provision for “data subject rights” that include (a) breach notification; (b) right of access; (c) the right to be forgotten; (d) data portability; and (e) privacy by design. The GDPR also allows for the recognition of “the public interest in the availability of the data,” which has a particular saliency for those involved in maintaining, with the greatest integrity possible, the public record of scholarly publishing.
